Zanzibar

Jambo!

So we've done a couple tours, swam, tanned and jolled.
I've made such tight maats on this trip!
I think its so cool that when you put a bunch of people that hardly talk at school into one room, and they all make mates..and grades stop mattering.
I love spending this chill time, and I've seen a different side to all these people. Even our teacher-the Nun. She told us her life story.
I've had to room with Carla. And her ego. And Sas.
The only thing we've heard from Carlz is "why am I so hot?"

YOLO MoFos!
xx

Just a warning

Has she died? Is she hiding under a rock? Was she mauled by a bear with chainsaws for hands?

No. I'm on holiday for the next two weeks-don't expect posts. Tanzania, here I come!

Pictures will follow!

More fictional poetry

I'm the child no-one saw
The one who was ignored
The one who starves
And the one no-one adores

I look after my sister
Cause my mom couldn't care
Because all she worries about is the next high
And how she'll get there

I have to be strong
They said, I have to be tough
Even though I don't belong
And I don't even know who my daddy was

My sister is too young to see
The troubles of the world
All she does is look at me
For comfort and for food

I'm the child you saw at the robots today
When you politely looked away
I asked you for money
But you pretended not to see

So I'll dig through the bins again
To find something to eat
My sister and I, we'll survive
Its just our mom we've gotta defeat

More poetry

See the beauty

We as people, don't like to see good

We'd rather talk of the thieves in the neighbourhood

Than the hungry kid that the neighbour fed

When he had no food, no comfort, no bed

That's just the way people think

It's a mindset, almost instinct

So today I vow to you

To look at the good things too

Because ultimately these will becloud the bad

And you forget all that you never had

So today, I vow to find beauty of everything in life

Find the abundance of good and forget the strife

I will find the good of my country

And I hope you won't be too blind to see.

South Africa

If you are born in South Africa, she won't let you go

She'll beckon you back with sunlight as well as snow

She will allure you with all her powers

She'll show off her kingdom of plants and flowers

She'll tempt you with the richest variety

Of different cultures in every society

She'll demonstrate how we are one

The rainbow nation living under the shining sun

She'll draw you in with the glimmering sea, the mountains, the city

Its as if man and nature are on a committee

She'll let you see what we've done

Of all the issues that we will still overcome

If you were born in South Africa

No matter where you go

She will always be home

Choices

The future...a bright happy place, where we finally get our white-picket fence endings, right?
The future seemed that way to me, until I realised, that every single aspect of my future is determined by me. And for many people in high-school, the word 'future' stirs up a pretty daunting feeling. What do I want to be when I grow up?

If you asked me when I was still in pre-school, my answers weren't very viable, and they changed weekly. I wasn't ever part of the cliché though. My friends were going to be pop-stars, and I was going to be an astronaut. They'd be doctors, and I'd be a fairy (this was an option of mine). I also went through the stage of wanting to be a Powerpuff girl, making all sorts of potions and concoctions in my mothers kitchen.

When I got to junior-primary school, answers became a little more feasible, moving from being a fairy to being the president of America (despite the fact that I am a South African citizen and have never even left the continent)

Senior-primary was when we'd sit down with our parents and discuss our goals, which hardly ever clashed with our talents. I have the kind of voice that shatters windows, yet I'd want to become the next Celine Dion. I wasn't able to make toast without burning it-yet I was going to be a chef.

Now, parents aren't so joking and accepting. We have to start seriously making decisions that will impact our future. This year in particular will impact our career because we make subject choices.

Now, I'm in high-school. What do I want to be when I grow up? Probably a psychiatrist or a psychologist, and I'm not too sure which, but I'll keep all the necessary doors open.

There was a man of 33

Who's limericks always ended on line 3

I don't know why.

About him

Did you have fun?
Messing with my head?
I was so young
And you made me wish I was dead

You made me love you
With your sad and twisted games
But now I've realised the things you said were untrue
Now that you've released me from your chains

You threatened me so many times
But never once did you act
You scared me real good sometimes
But you knew I'd be back

You told me you'd kill yourself
You told me you'd die
But I'm gone away, I protected myself
And look, you're still alive

You made me love you, you made me care
In your sick and distorted way
You used to give me that longing stare
As if I was the only thing to make your day

I'm gone now, and I'm free
I miss you sometimes
But then I remember that you never loved me

Did someone do it to you?
And I was the one who paid?
I'm happy now without you
And the only thing you gave me was a lesson.
So thank you.

LIES

He said he didn't mean to do it

He didn't mean to cheat

He said only liked her a little bit

And his wife returned in defeat

She said she wouldn't tell

A soul about the abuse

She used to say she fell

And gained bruise after bruise

Good evening officer, he said,

I haven't had anything to drink

I have just got to go to bed

I wouldn't DUI, I think

Lies are lies

Your stories are getting stale

No matter how many times you apologise

The truth will always prevail

You hold the answers deep within your own mind.
Consciously, you've forgotten it.
That's the way the human mind works.
Whenever something is too unpleasant, to shameful for us
to entertain, we reject it.
We erase it from our memories.
But the imprint is always there."

(Can't wash it all away)
(Can't Wish it all away)
(Can't hope it all away)
(Can't cry it all away)

The pain that grips you
The fear that binds you
Releases life in me
In our mutual
Shame we idolize
To blind them from the truth 
That finds a way from who we are
Please don't be afraid
When the darkness fades away
The dawn will break the silence
Screaming in our hearts
My love for you still grows
This I do for you
Before I try to fight the truth my final time

"We're supposed to try and be real.
And I feel alone, and we're not together. And that is real."

Can't wash it all away
Can't wish it all away
Can't cry it all away
Can't scratch it all away

Lying beside you
Listening to you breathe
The life that flows inside of you
Burns inside of me
Hold and speak to me
Of love without a sound
Tell me you will live through this
And I will die for you
Cast me not away
Say you'll be with me
For I know I cannot
Bear it all alone

"You're not alone, honey."
"Never... Never."

Can't fight it all away
Can't hope it all away
Can't scream it all away
It just won't fade away, No,no, no ,no.

Can't wash it all away
Can't wish it all away
Can't cry it all away
Can't scratch it all away

(Can't fight it all away)
(Can't hope it all away)
Can't scream it all away
Ooh, it all away
Ooh, it all away
(It all away)
"But the imprint is always there. Nothing is ever really forgotten."
"Because I'm dying too."
"Because I'm dying too."
"Because I'm dying too."
"Because I'm dying too."
"Because I'm dying too." 




This is one of my favourite Evanescence songs, and I love how deep it is, yet it is so open ended, and it can be interpreted in many ways.I think the mind is connected and while some people say that it can hold only so much, I think you can remember more then you think. I also think you "choose" to remember limited things... and thank god you can forget about some of the pains. I see this song as being about two people who are forced to be apart by everyone around them. there's a lot of pain and fear in this strained relationship, and ultimately she knows that they have to let go.
in the intro, the guy is asking her why they have to be apart when they love each other, when he really knows WHY they have to be apart. he knows and she knows, yet they don't want to accept the truth 'in our mutual/ shame we hide our eyes/to blind them from the truth/ that finds a way from who we are'.
the first verse is with her asking him not to be afraid of their separation, because 'when the darkness fades away/the dawn will break the silence' indicating that when the sadness and pain is over, a new day will come and they will be together again. then in the second verse, she talks about living through the rough patches, and begs him to tell her that he'll always be there. she has her doubts, but she knows there's no other way that they can love each other.The first song ever written by Ben Moody and credited as the second song ever written by Evanescence. The audio clips in the song come from the movies My World Dies Screaming, also known as "Terror in the Haunted House" (1958), except the line "We're supposed to try... that is real" and "God, just don't hate me.. because I'll die if you do" which are from When a Man Loves A Woman (1994).Ben Moody has referred to the song as a "Cheesy 7-minute Goth anthem".
so voila... my extremely long interpretation of this song!

More poetry

Once more, mommy was cross because daddy took the pill
So quiet, behind the couch you lay, still
Once more, you think life is rough
But you know you gotta be tough
Everybody says they want to help you
But what do they know? What can they do?
Your hurt shines through your smile
You know you'll be here for a while
When daddy's clean, mommy's fine
But we all know its just a matter of time
He's gone again, but not for long
I'll look after mom though, I'll be strong
He's gone again, but he'll be back
But smile, you gotta make 'em believe you're on track

I wrote these today after exams.

Where are our priorities?


She was mentally disabled and gang raped at seventeen
No one marched
He gauged her eyes out and raped her-he was fifteen
No one marched
Schools are going without textbooks-its almost July
No one marched
People lying
People crying
People dying
No one marched

The painting was created in our presidents light
Two men defaced it and were arrested-a black and a white
We marched

Where are our priorities?
Where are our souls?
What's in our future?
Where are our goals?

I sit here now, I'm free and I'm well
As someone, somewhere is forced to yell
'I love my kids'-and then-he dies
All because of some leaders pride
Our democracy, our freedom, heading down the drain.
But after all, we're the only ones to blame

The one who had to die


You told me not to do it, mom
You told me not to try
So I didn't touch drugs, mom
But I'm the one who had to die

I went to the club, mom
And I drank soda all night
I didn't have one drink that night, mom
But my family's the one that cried

I drove away, mom
As sobre as can be
He was using, mom
And he hit me

I flew through the windscreen, mom
And landed with a crash
I hit the ground hard, mom
Because he wanted to enjoy his birthday bash

They said it was impact to the head, mom
He remained strapped inside
He was the druggie, mom
But I'm the one who died

I loved you, mom
I loved my siblings too
I wasn't always obedient, mom
But this time I listened to you


You told me not to do it, mom
You told me not to try
So I didn't touch drugs, mom
But I'm the one who had to die



Her drawings


She draws the most awful picture
Because she draws it with a painful twist
She'd never show you
But the drawings are on her wrist

She's the girl you forgot
The girl everyone ignored
The one who was never accepted
Nor did she try, she thought she was too flawed

She sits every night, 'drawing'
Her pictures, her reminders on her body
Of how much she hates herself
Of how no-one can see

She met a boy one day
A boy who understood
A boy who had been through it
And loved her like she didn't think anyone would

Her tears were replaced by laughter
Her hatred by love
She had found her inner peace
Her personal 'little white dove'

Some days are still hard
And addiction never goes away and everyday is tough
But the day she met that boy
Was the day she said enough

Her scars tell her story
Of when life wasn't as fun
Of each battle she's fought
And the battles that she's won

She hasn't cut in a year now
Because of this friend
The one that understood her
And made the sorry cycle end

Was the Policy of Appeasement a terrible mistake or did it make sense in 1938?

The Policy of Appeasement is, simply put, Neville Chamberlin (Britain) and Charles de Gaulle (France) trying to keep Hitler (Germany) happy and avoid another war.  In my opinion, I believe that yes, the policy of appeasement was a mistake. I say this on the grounds of many reasons, the first and most obvious being, well, that it clearly didn’t work.

Chamberlin and de Gaulle were right in principle. The world had just seen the devastating effects of the First World War, and nobody wanted a repeat of that. People-in order to succeed in war-had to want war, and nobody did. I also agree with the notion that the Treaty of Versailles treated Germany way too harshly-more so than they deserved. They deserved a fair deal.  Also, if they were going to fight, Britain needed the time to build up her army.

That being said, by giving Britain time to build up her army, Germany is given the same opportunity.  Although the German army was limited during the Treaty of Versailles, this was another rule that Hitler just failed to follow.

Speaking of rules that Germany failed to follow, had Hitler not lied about his intentions before? Hitler had said that the Rhineland was his last land claim on Europe. Did they not realise at this stage he wasn’t going to stop? They let him take the Rhineland. They let him annex Austria. They let him take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. Then they let him take the rest of Czechoslovakia. Czech was sacrificed for nothing. Did they not realise that this was only whetting his appetite for more? Hitler lost all fear.

Fear. That leads me to my next point. The USSR. Stalin wasn’t stupid. Britain wasn’t taking a stand. France wasn’t taking a stand. To them, that showed increasing German power. They began thinking that perhaps it would be an idea to create a pact with Germany. That type of thinking lead to the Nazi-Soviet pact.

Based on that, I believe that the Policy of Appeasement stopped making sense after a while, and if De Gaulle and Chamberlain stopped it then, they might just have averted WWII

Afrikaans

Toe Jannie se Vader nog klein was Het hy nooit eers ‘n koppie gebreek Of rond op die kerkbank sit skuiwe En woel nie as dominee preek Toe Jannie se Vader nog klein was Het hy elke aand agtuur gaan slaap Hy’t aldag sy naels geborsel En hand voor die mond as hy gaap Toe Jannie se vader nog klien was Het hy net een keer poeding gevra Sonder trane sy tande laat uittrek En nooit sy klein sussies gepla Toe Jannie se vader nog klein was Het hy altyd sy lesse geken Hy het aldag sy boeke gebêre En gesork vir sy potlood en pen En tog weer as Ouma kom kuier En moeder haar nood by haar kla Dan lag sy en sê: “Wat verwag jy? Die Jan aard so reg na sy pa!” Ek onthou jou blonde hare in die sonlig speel Jy het dadelik my hart gesteel Ek dink aan die dag Toe ek jou laste hoor lag... Jou oë was groot en rond en blou Ek wou jou ewig in my arms hou My hart was vol geluk: Jy het saggies my hand gedruk Golwe het oor ons gespoel Maar ek het dit nooit gevoel Want jou bikini was groen en geel En ons het saam die tydjie gedeel Die wêreld het stil gaan staan Al wat saak gemaak het Ons was saam... Ons het chips en burgers geëet Olie op ons vel gesmeer en gesweet Toe skielik moes jy gaan En ek het alleen bly staan Waarom moes jou ouers nou baklei En ek alleen heir agterbly? Ek dink aan jou Aan jou En wonder of jy net so baie van my hou... Vroegoggend is ek wakker En onthou dit is die dag! Ek ken my ouers goed Hul steel dit weg in die garage... Ek sturm uit die huis Na waar iets groots vir my sal wag Ek maak die deur 'n skrefie oop... My oë kan eers nie deur die donker sien Is dit 'n fiets wat ek daar sien blink.... Is dit? Is daar...maar nee, daar's niks! Hoe kon hul so vergeet Dat hul enigste verjaar? Buite in die tuin sit ek alleen En huil my hardseer uit Maar toe hoor ek die sagte klank Van iets anders wat ook kla -  By nader ondersoek Sien ek twee bang ogies blink -  'n Stertjie wat aanhoudend swaai... Ek kruip diep oder die plante in En trek hom onder die blare uit Die mooiste rooibruin bondeltjie Wat bibber en bewe in my hand 'n Halsband on sy nek 'n Kaartjie daaraan vas:  Geluk met hierdie dag, Hoop die geskenkie pas!

When Jannie’s dad was still small He never even broke a cup Or fidget in church And doesn’t fidget while the priest preaches When Jannie’s dad was still small He went to bed every night at eight He brushed his nails everyday And his hand was in front of his mouth when he yawned When Jannie’s dad was still small He only asked for pudding once He let his teeth be pulled tear-free And never bothered his small sisters When Jannie’s dad was still small He always knew his lessons He always brought his books And looked after his pencils and pen And when Granny comes to visit And mom comes to complain to her Then she laughs and says “What do you expect? That Jan takes after his dad!” I remember your blonde hair playing in the sunlight You immediately stole my heart I think about the day When I last heard you laugh... Your eyes were big and round and blue I want to hold you in my arm forever My heart was full of luck: You held my hand softly Waves fell over us But I never felt is Your bikini was green and yellow We spent the time together The world stood still Everything made sense We were together... We ate chips and burgers Rubbed oil on each other and sweated Then suddenly you must go And I stayed here alone Why must your parents fight now And I must stay here alone? I think of you Of you And wonder if you only liked me so much... Early in the morning am I awake And I remember its the day I know my parents well They hiding it in the garage... I storm out the house To where something big for me waits I make the door a tiny bit ajar At first my eyes can't see in the dark Is that a bicycle what I see there shining... Is it? Is there...but no! there's nothing! How can they forget? Their only son's birthday? Out in the garden I sit alone And cry my sadness out But then I hear the softest sound Of something else that complains- By closer investigation I see two scared eyes shine- A tail that constantly wags... I dig deeper in the plants Take him out from under the leaves The nicest red-brown bundle That shivers and shakes in my hand A collar around his neck A card that is attached: Congrats with this day, I hope the present suffices!

Remember with poems: Rymskeme-Rhyming scheme

versre

Toe Jannie se Vader nog klein was Het hy nooit eers ‘n koppie gebreek Of rond op die kerkbank sit skuiwe En woel nie as dominee preek Toe Jannie se Vader nog klein was Het hy elke aand agtuur gaan slaap Hy’t aldag sy naels geborsel En hand voor die mond as hy gaap Toe Jannie se vader nog klien was Het hy net een keer poeding gevra Sonder trane sy tande laat uittrek En nooit sy klein sussies gepla Toe Jannie se vader nog klein was Het hy altyd sy lesse geken Hy het aldag sy boeke gebêre En gesork vir sy potlood en pen En tog weer as Ouma kom kuier En moeder haar nood by haar kla Dan lag sy en sê: “Wat verwag jy? Die Jan aard so reg na sy pa!” Ek onthou jou blonde hare in die sonlig speel Jy het dadelik my hart gesteel Ek dink aan die dag Toe ek jou laste hoor lag... Jou oë was groot en rond en blou Ek wou jou ewig in my arms hou My hart was vol geluk: Jy het saggies my hand gedruk Golwe het oor ons gespoel Maar ek het dit nooit gevoel Want jou bikini was groen en geel En ons het saam die tydjie gedeel Die wêreld het stil gaan staan Al wat saak gemaak het Ons was saam... Ons het chips en burgers geëet Olie op ons vel gesmeer en gesweet Toe skielik moes jy gaan En ek het alleen bly staan Waarom moes jou ouers nou baklei En ek alleen heir agterbly? Ek dink aan jou Aan jou En wonder of jy net so baie van my hou... Vroegoggend is ek wakker En onthou dit is die dag! Ek ken my ouers goed Hul steel dit weg in die garage... Ek sturm uit die huis Na waar iets groots vir my sal wag Ek maak die deur 'n skrefie oop... My oë kan eers nie deur die donker sien Is dit 'n fiets wat ek daar sien blink.... Is dit? Is daar...maar nee, daar's niks! Hoe kon hul so vergeet Dat hul enigste verjaar? Buite in die tuin sit ek alleen En huil my hardseer uit Maar toe hoor ek die sagte klank Van iets anders wat ook kla -  By nader ondersoek Sien ek twee bang ogies blink -  'n Stertjie wat aanhoudend swaai... Ek kruip diep oder die plante in En trek hom onder die blare uit Die mooiste rooibruin bondeltjie Wat bibber en bewe in my hand 'n Halsband on sy nek 'n Kaartjie daaraan vas:  Geluk met hierdie dag, Hoop die geskenkie pas!

When Jannie’s dad was still small He never even broke a cup Or fidget in church And doesn’t fidget while the priest preaches When Jannie’s dad was still small He went to bed every night at eight He brushed his nails everyday And his hand was in front of his mouth when he yawned When Jannie’s dad was still small He only asked for pudding once He let his teeth be pulled tear-free And never bothered his small sisters When Jannie’s dad was still small He always knew his lessons He always brought his books And looked after his pencils and pen And when Granny comes to visit And mom comes to complain to her Then she laughs and says “What do you expect? That Jan takes after his dad!” I remember your blonde hair playing in the sunlight You immediately stole my heart I think about the day When I last heard you laugh... Your eyes were big and round and blue I want to hold you in my arm forever My heart was full of luck: You held my hand softly Waves fell over us But I never felt is Your bikini was green and yellow We spent the time together The world stood still Everything made sense We were together... We ate chips and burgers Rubbed oil on each other and sweated Then suddenly you must go And I stayed here alone Why must your parents fight now And I must stay here alone? I think of you Of you And wonder if you only liked me so much... Early in the morning am I awake And I remember its the day I know my parents well They hiding it in the garage... I storm out the house To where something big for me waits I make the door a tiny bit ajar At first my eyes can't see in the dark Is that a bicycle what I see there shining... Is it? Is there...but no! there's nothing! How can they forget? Their only son's birthday? Out in the garden I sit alone And cry my sadness out But then I hear the softest sound Of something else that complains- By closer investigation I see two scared eyes shine- A tail that constantly wags... I dig deeper in the plants Take him out from under the leaves The nicest red-brown bundle That shivers and shakes in my hand A collar around his neck A card that is attached: Congrats with this day, I hope the present suffices!

Remember with poems: Rymskeme-Rhyming scheme

versreël-verse (1 line)

Parrym-Rhyming couplets

Strofe-Stanza

Diger-Poet

Gedig-Poem

Teeld-Image

Language:

Voegwoorde:

 Groep een: Maar

En

Of

Want

Dog

Niks verander! (Nothing changes!)

Eg: Ek wil strand toe gaan. My ma wil inkoppies doen. (Maar)

Ek wil strand toe gaan maar my ma wil inkoppies doen

Groep 2: 

Dus

Daarom

Derhalwe

Al

Daarna

Dan

Intussen

Nietemin

Gevolglik

Anders

Nogtans

Nou

Toe

Tog

This group is in the middle and the verb goes to the middle.

eg: Ek wil strand toe gaan. Ek wil inkoppies doen. (Toe)

Ek wil strand toe gaan toe wil ek inkoppies doen.

Groep 3: Anything that is not in groups 1 and 2

This group is at the end and the verb goes to the end.

eg) Ek het strand toe gegaan. Dit was 'n lekker dag. (Omdat)

Ek het strand toe gegaan omdat dit 'n lekker dag was.




Lydende Vorm: Swap subject and object. 
Put deur in front of the subject. 
Tyd en wyse go before deur, en plek before the verb
Verb goes to past tense at the end of the sentence.


 If in present tense: put word in place of the verb.
 Ek skop die bal
Die bal word deur my geskop.


If in past tense: het changes to is
Ek het die bal geskop.
Die bal is deur my geskop.


If in future tense: Leave sal/kan/wil and put word at the end.
Ek sal die bal skop.
Die bal sal deur my geskop word.


Negatief: Most girls should know the negative rules, but the following words change:
iemand----niemand....nie
^erens --- n^erens....nie
ooit---nooit...nie
iets---niks...nie
een---geen...nie
nog---nie meer...nie
alreeds--nog nie...nie
al---nog nie...nie
al iemand---nog niemand..nie
al + any of the above words change to nog (word)


Indirekte rede: Die seun vra: "Sal ons tennis speel?"
Die seun vra OF hulle tennis SAL speel.


Die meisie sê: "Ek is honger."
Die meisie sê dat sy honger is.


Whatever the sentence, the verb goes to the end, because you have a "dat" or a "of" or the question word originally, and these are all in group 3 so the verb goes to the end.

When the bit that tells you who said what is in past tense, then the sentence must change to past tense...
Piet het gesê: "Ek skop die bal."
Piet het gesê dat hy die bal geskop het.


Piet sê: "ek het die bal geskop."
Piet sê dat hy die bal geskop het.


Tye, Trappe van vergelyking en voorsetsels are also in the exam, as well as 3 begrips. 
The first 3 are pure learning and the 3 begrips can't be studied for.

Natural Science

Controlled Variables are things we keep the same.
Independent Variables are the things we choose to change.
Dependent Variables are observations of the effect.


Force: A push or a pull. They can cause movement, change speed, direction, shape or stop motion.
You get four main types of forces: Gravity, Frictional, Mechanical and Electrical. Force is measured in Newtons.


Mass: Amount of matter present in a body. Remains the same at any given place, measured in Kg's


Weight: The force which a given mass feels due to gravity. Measured in Newtons.

Work=Force x distance
Force=Work / distance
distance=Work/Force


Energy= Power x time
Power = Energy/time
time=Energy/Power








 Therefore: Power=Work/time=force x distance over time


Work: measured in Joules
1 Joule=1 Newton x 1 Metre


Power: Measured in Watts
1 Watt=1 Joule / 1 second


Chem
there are 3 stages of matter 

Matter is shown on the periodic table of elements. This is arranged so that the Horizontal Periods have an increasing atomic number, and the Vertical groups have similar properties and valencies.


We need to know the first 20 elements which are:
Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N). Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon (Ne), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorous (Ph),Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Argon (Ar), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca)


Two or more elements group together to form compounds. Elements are combined in a fixed ratio (ie table salt is always NaCl). They are formulae that are given names (NaCl=Sodium Chloride) and they are worked out using Valency, or "bonding ability".


Valency is worked out using the Vertical groups. If you ignore the transition metals (which we do at this stage) there are eight  groups. Groups one to four have those respective abilities, ie group two's ability is two. Groups 5-8, you subtract the number from 8 to get the valency...ie group 6: 8-6=2, therefore the  bonding ability is 2. Group eight, the noble gases, have no bonding ability.


Chemical equasions always have to be balanced-they have to have the same number of each atom on either side. 
eg 1) Magnesium + Oxygen --> magnesium oxide

Mg   +   O₂    à MgO

There are 2 Oxygen atoms on the left, but only one on the right.

We can’t make it MgO₂, because that isn’t the formula for Magnesium oxide.

So we have to make it Mg   +  O₂  à  2MgO

But now we have more Magnesium on the right than the left.

2Mg  + O₂   à 2MgO

And we are balanced!

Radicals are elements that only exist as compounds, and not by themselves. For example, Carbonate is a radical. You can't just get carbonate, it has to have something with it, eg Calcium carbonate.

The 3 acids we need to know are:

Sulphuric acid – H₂SO₄

Nitric Acid – HNO₃

Hydrochloric Acid - HCl

Acids and Bases formulae

Acid + Base --> Salt + A water

Acid + Metal --> Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Carbonate --> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Metal + Oxygen --> Metal Oxide

Non-Metal +Oxygen --> Non-metal oxide.

Indicators : Litmus turns acid blue and alkalines pink

The universal indicator 

Ores

Galena ---- Lead

Malachite----Copper

Bauxite --- Aluminium

Haematite --- Iron